1. Introduction
The nonlinear model of the wave equations has evolved to form the physical characteristics of science and engineering [1, 2]. The nonlinear partial differential equations (NPDEs) have importance in many categories of physical sciences, such as ocean engineering, solid state, geophysics, optics, chemistry, plasma physics, biology, mechanics, material sciences, mathematical physics and mathematics [3–10]. The closed-form wave solutions of the NPDEs are a crucial task necessary for understanding the processes and physical phenomena in the diverse applied sciences sectors. Numerous new approaches have been exploited to study this kind of solution for the NPDEs. Some crucial processes include the extended direct algebraic method [11], the sech-tanh technique [12], the sine-Gordon expansion scheme [13, 14], the finite series Jacobi elliptic cosine function ansatz [15], the extended tanh expansion method [16], the generalized exponential rational function method [17, 18], the improved tan (φ(ξ)/2)-expansion scheme [19, 20], the novel $(G^{\prime} /G)$ 
-expansion approach [21, 22], the extended trial equation method (ETEM) [23], the improved tan (φ(ξ)/2)-expansion method (ITEM) [24], optimal homotopy and the differential transform method [25], the homogeneous balance method [26], the modified Kudryashov method [27], Riccati–Bernoulli sub-ODE method [28], the exp (− φ(ξ))-expansion method [29, 30], and the unified method and its generalized form [31–37].
-expansion approach [21, 22], the extended trial equation method (ETEM) [23], the improved tan (φ(ξ)/2)-expansion method (ITEM) [24], optimal homotopy and the differential transform method [25], the homogeneous balance method [26], the modified Kudryashov method [27], Riccati–Bernoulli sub-ODE method [28], the exp (− φ(ξ))-expansion method [29, 30], and the unified method and its generalized form [31–37].This research deals with the model for Langmuir waves (LWs) and ion sound waves (ISWs) [24, 38, 39] as below
and n in the normal form, respectively. Here, we supervise the method of dynamical models concerning the ISW with the effect of the ponderomotive force owing to the high-frequency area, as well as for the LW, which is one variety of nonlinear wave models. The implementation of novel types of soliton solutions for the LW and ISWs has an extremely prominent status through the contributors. A few studies have converged on the Langmuir solitons. Musher et al [40] give support to the application of the weak turbulence hypothesis to LW turbulence, and consideration was given to plasma under relative unmagnetized and magnetized electron and ion temperatures. Zakharov [41] expressed the method of dynamical models for the LW. Benilov [42] illustrated the stability of solitons through the Zakharov model, that recognizes the interaction between ISWs and LWs. In [38, 40], a system of equations for the ISW under the action of the ponderomotive force due to the high-frequency field and the LW was discussed.
$\begin{eqnarray}{\rm{i}}{E}_{t}+\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}{E}_{{xx}}-{nE}=0,\end{eqnarray}$
$\begin{eqnarray}{n}_{{tt}}-{n}_{{xx}}-2{\left(| E{| }^{2}\right)}_{{xx}}=0,\end{eqnarray}$
where the electric field of the Langmuir oscillation and the density perturbation are represented by $E\,{{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}{\omega }_{p}t}$ and n in the normal form, respectively. Here, we supervise the method of dynamical models concerning the ISW with the effect of the ponderomotive force owing to the high-frequency area, as well as for the LW, which is one variety of nonlinear wave models. The implementation of novel types of soliton solutions for the LW and ISWs has an extremely prominent status through the contributors. A few studies have converged on the Langmuir solitons. Musher et al [40] give support to the application of the weak turbulence hypothesis to LW turbulence, and consideration was given to plasma under relative unmagnetized and magnetized electron and ion temperatures. Zakharov [41] expressed the method of dynamical models for the LW. Benilov [42] illustrated the stability of solitons through the Zakharov model, that recognizes the interaction between ISWs and LWs. In [38, 40], a system of equations for the ISW under the action of the ponderomotive force due to the high-frequency field and the LW was discussed.The main motivation for this work is to study the model for the LWs and ISWs via the modified $\left(\tfrac{G^{\prime} }{G}\right)$ 
-expansion method [22, 43]. The essential advantage of this technique over the other methods in the literature is that it provides novel explicit analytical wave solutions, including many real free parameters. The closed-form wave solutions of nonlinear NPDEs have their significant meaning to reveal the interior device of the physical phenomena. Furthermore, the calculations in this method are very simple and vital to providing new solutions compared to the steps in other approaches.
-expansion method [22, 43]. The essential advantage of this technique over the other methods in the literature is that it provides novel explicit analytical wave solutions, including many real free parameters. The closed-form wave solutions of nonlinear NPDEs have their significant meaning to reveal the interior device of the physical phenomena. Furthermore, the calculations in this method are very simple and vital to providing new solutions compared to the steps in other approaches.The synopsis of this paper is shown below. We mention the algorithm of the new method in section 2 . The implementation of our approach for solving the solitary wave phenomena of the studied model is manifested and some discussions are provided in section 3 . Finally, some outcomes of the research are presented in section 4 .
2. A brief description of the modified $\left(\tfrac{G^{\prime} }{G}\right)$ 
-expansion scheme
Suppose an NPDE has the form:2 ) and equation (3 ), we get
$\begin{eqnarray}H(h,{h}_{x},{h}_{{xx}},{h}_{t},{h}_{{tt}},{h}_{{xt}},\cdots )=0,\end{eqnarray}$
where h = h(x, t) and H is a polynomial in its arguments. Assume that: $\begin{eqnarray}h=h(x,t)=h(\xi ),\xi =k(x-{Vt}+{\xi }_{0}),\end{eqnarray}$
where k, ξ0 and V are constants. From equation ( $\begin{eqnarray}R(h,{{kh}}^{{\prime} },{k}^{2}{h}^{{\prime\prime} },-{{kVh}}^{{\prime} },{k}^{2}{V}^{2}{h}^{{\prime\prime} },-{k}^{2}{V}^{2}{h}^{{\prime\prime} },\cdots )=0.\end{eqnarray}$
| • | Postulation 1: calculate m using the rule of the homogeneous analysis in ( |
| • | Postulation 2: the modified $\left(\tfrac{G^{\prime} }{G}\right)$ $\begin{eqnarray}h(\xi )=\displaystyle \sum _{i=-m}^{m}{A}_{i}{{\rm{\Theta }}}^{i},\end{eqnarray}$ where ${\rm{\Theta }}=\left(\tfrac{{G}^{{\prime} }}{G}+\tfrac{\lambda }{2}\right)$  , ∣A−m∣ + ∣Am∣ ≠ 0 and G = G(ξ) is given by $\begin{eqnarray}{G}^{{\prime\prime} }+\lambda {G}^{{\prime} }+\mu G=0,\end{eqnarray}$ where Ai, $\delta$ and $\mu$ are free parameters. From ( $\begin{eqnarray}{\rm{\Theta }}^{\prime} =b-{{\rm{\Theta }}}^{2},\end{eqnarray}$ where $b=\tfrac{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }{4}$  . So, Θ now satisfies the Riccati-like equation (If b > 0, then $\begin{eqnarray}{\rm{\Theta }}=\sqrt{b}\tanh (\sqrt{b}\xi ),\end{eqnarray}$ $\begin{eqnarray}{\rm{\Theta }}=\sqrt{b}\coth (\sqrt{b}\xi ),\end{eqnarray}$ If b = 0, then $\begin{eqnarray}{\rm{\Theta }}=\displaystyle \frac{1}{\xi },\end{eqnarray}$ If b < 0, then $\begin{eqnarray}{\rm{\Theta }}=-\sqrt{-b}\tan (\sqrt{-b}\xi ),\end{eqnarray}$ $\begin{eqnarray}{\rm{\Theta }}=\sqrt{-b}\cot (\sqrt{-b}\xi ).\end{eqnarray}$ |
| • | Postulation 3: inserting ( |
3. Soliton solutions for the model system related to ISWs and LWs
Here, we study the coupled nonlinear system of the model related to ISWs and LWs [24, 38, 39]:13 ) and by integrating (15) twice w.r.t. ξ, we get:16 ) into equation (14 ), we reach:
and $U^{\prime\prime} =\tfrac{{{\rm{d}}}^{2}U}{{\rm{d}}{\xi }^{2}}$ 
. Applying the homogeneous balance condition on 17 yields the positive integer M = 1. So, the general solution takes the form:18 ) into (17 ) and by applying postulation 3, we find that:
$\begin{eqnarray}{\rm{i}}{E}_{t}+\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}{E}_{{xx}}-{nE}=0,\end{eqnarray}$
$\begin{eqnarray}{n}_{{tt}}-{n}_{{xx}}-2{\left(| E{| }^{2}\right)}_{{xx}}=0.\end{eqnarray}$
Let us consider the transformations: $\begin{eqnarray}\begin{array}{rcl}E(x,t) & = & U(\xi ){{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}\theta },n(x,t)=V(\xi ),\\ \xi & = & {rx}+{st},\theta ={px}+{qt},\end{array}\end{eqnarray}$
where r, s, p and q are constants. We obtain: $\begin{eqnarray}{\rm{i}}(s+{rp})U^{\prime} =0,\end{eqnarray}$
$\begin{eqnarray}{r}^{2}U^{\prime\prime} -(2q+{p}^{2})U-2{UV}=0,\end{eqnarray}$
$\begin{eqnarray}({s}^{2}-{r}^{2})V^{\prime\prime} -2{r}^{2}({U}^{2})^{\prime\prime} =0.\end{eqnarray}$
From ( $\begin{eqnarray}V(\xi )=\displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}{U}^{2}(\xi ),s=-{rp},\end{eqnarray}$
where the integration's constants are identical zero. Substituting equation ( $\begin{eqnarray}{r}^{2}({p}^{2}-1)U^{\prime\prime} -({p}^{2}-1)(2q+{p}^{2})U-4{U}^{3}=0,\end{eqnarray}$
where $U^{\prime} =\tfrac{{\rm{d}}U}{{\rm{d}}\xi }$ and $U^{\prime\prime} =\tfrac{{{\rm{d}}}^{2}U}{{\rm{d}}{\xi }^{2}}$ . Applying the homogeneous balance condition on $\begin{eqnarray}U(\xi )={A}_{1}{\rm{\Theta }}(\xi )+{A}_{0}+{A}_{-1}{{\rm{\Theta }}}^{-1}(\xi ).\end{eqnarray}$
Plugging (| • | Result 1: $q=\pm \tfrac{\sqrt{4\mu {r}^{2}-2{p}^{2}-{\lambda }^{2}{r}^{2}}}{2}$ $\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{rcl}{E}_{11}(x,t) & = & {{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \left.\coth \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right],\\ {n}_{11}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ {\left.\coth \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right]}^{2}.\\ {E}_{12}(x,t) & = & {{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \left.\tanh \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right],\\ {n}_{12}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}\right.\end{array}\end{eqnarray*}$ $\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{rcl} & & \times \ {\left.\tanh \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right]}^{2}.\\ {E}_{13}(x,t) & = & -{{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \left.\cot \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right],\\ {n}_{13}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[-\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ {\left.\cot \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right]}^{2}.\\ {E}_{14}(x,t) & = & -{{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}\right.\end{array}\end{eqnarray*}$ $\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{rcl} & & \times \ \left.\tan \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right],\\ {n}_{14}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ {\left.\tan \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right]}^{2}.\\ {E}_{15}(x,t) & = & {{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r({\lambda }^{2}-4\mu )}{4}\right.\\ & & \times \ \left.\displaystyle \frac{1}{({rx}+{st})}\right],\\ {n}_{15}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r({\lambda }^{2}-4\mu )}{4}\right.\\ & & \times \ {\left.\displaystyle \frac{1}{({rx}+{st})}\right]}^{2}.\end{array}\end{eqnarray*}$ |
| • | Result 2: $q=\pm \tfrac{\sqrt{4\mu {r}^{2}-2{p}^{2}-{\lambda }^{2}{r}^{2}}}{2}$ $\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{rcl}{E}_{21}(x,t) & = & {{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \left.\tanh \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right],\\ {n}_{21}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ {\left.\tanh \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right]}^{2}.\\ {E}_{22}(x,t) & = & {{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \left.\coth \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right],\\ {n}_{22}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ {\left.\coth \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right]}^{2}.\\ {E}_{23}(x,t) & = & -{{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \left.\tan \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right],\end{array}\end{eqnarray*}$ $\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{rcl}{n}_{23}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[-\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ {\left.\tan \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right]}^{2}.\end{array}\end{eqnarray*}$ $\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{rcl}{E}_{24}(x,t) & = & -{{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \left.\cot \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right],\\ {n}_{24}(x,t) & = & -\displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ {\left.\cot \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right]}^{2}.\\ {E}_{25}(x,t) & = & {{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r({\lambda }^{2}-4\mu )}{4}\right.\\ & & \times \ \left.\displaystyle \frac{1}{({rx}+{st})}\right],\\ {n}_{25}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r({\lambda }^{2}-4\mu )}{4}\right.\\ & & \times \ {\left.\displaystyle \frac{1}{({rx}+{st})}\right]}^{2}.\end{array}\end{eqnarray*}$ |
| • | Result 3: $q=\pm \sqrt{\tfrac{{\lambda }^{2}{r}^{2}-4\mu {r}^{2}-{p}^{2}}{2}}$ $\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{rcl}{E}_{31}(x,t) & = & {{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \tanh \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\\ & & -\ \left.\displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{4{f}_{1}\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}\right.\\ & & \times \ \left.\coth \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right],\\ {n}_{31}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \tanh \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\\ & & -\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{4{f}_{1}\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}\end{array}\end{eqnarray*}$ $\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{rcl} & & \times \ {\left.\coth \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right]}^{2}.\\ {E}_{32}(x,t) & = & {{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \coth \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\\ & & -\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{4{f}_{1}\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}\\ & & \times \ \left.\tanh \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right],\end{array}\end{eqnarray*}$ $\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{rcl}{n}_{32}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \coth \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\\ & & -\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{4{f}_{1}\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}\\ & & \times \ {\left.\tanh \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right]}^{2}.\\ {E}_{33}(x,t) & = & {{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \tan \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\\ & & -\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{4{f}_{1}\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}\\ & & \times \ \left.\cot \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right],\end{array}\end{eqnarray*}$ $\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{rcl}{n}_{33}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \tan \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\\ & & -\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{4{f}_{1}\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}\\ & & \times \ {\left.\cot \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right]}^{2}.\\ {E}_{34}(x,t) & = & {{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}\right.\end{array}\end{eqnarray*}$ $\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{rcl} & & \times \ \cot \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\\ & & -\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{4{f}_{1}\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}\\ & & \times \ \left.\tan \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right],\\ {n}_{34}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \cot \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\\ & & -\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{4{f}_{1}\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}\\ & & \times \ {\left.\tan \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right]}^{2}.\end{array}\end{eqnarray*}$ $\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{rcl}{E}_{35}(x,t) & = & {{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r({\lambda }^{2}-4\mu )}{4}\right.\\ & & \times \ \displaystyle \frac{1}{({rx}+{st})}\\ & & -\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{8{f}_{1}}\\ & & \times \ \left.\displaystyle \frac{1}{({rx}+{st})}\right],\\ {n}_{35}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r({\lambda }^{2}-4\mu )}{4}\right.\\ & & \times \ \displaystyle \frac{1}{({rx}+{st})}\\ & & -\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{8{f}_{1}}\\ & & \times \ {\left.\displaystyle \frac{1}{({rx}+{st})}\right]}^{2}.\end{array}\end{eqnarray*}$ |
| • | Result 4: $q=\pm \sqrt{\tfrac{8\mu {r}^{2}-2{\lambda }^{2}{r}^{2}-{p}^{2}}{2}}$ $\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{rcl}{E}_{41}(x,t) & = & {{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \tanh \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\\ & & +\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{4{f}_{1}\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}\\ & & \times \ \left.\coth \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right],\end{array}\end{eqnarray*}$ $\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{rcl}{n}_{41}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \tanh \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\\ & & +\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{4{f}_{1}\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}\\ & & \times \ {\left.\coth \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right]}^{2}.\\ {E}_{42}(x,t) & = & {{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \coth \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\\ & & +\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{4{f}_{1}\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}\\ & & \times \ \left.\tanh \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right],\end{array}\end{eqnarray*}$ $\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{rcl}{n}_{42}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \coth \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\\ & & +\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{4{f}_{1}\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}\\ & & \times \ {\left.\tanh \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda }^{2}-4\mu }}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right]}^{2}.\\ {E}_{43}(x,t) & = & {{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \tan \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\\ & & +\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{4{f}_{1}\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}\\ & & \times \ \left.\cot \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right],\end{array}\end{eqnarray*}$ $\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{rcl}{n}_{43}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \tan \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\\ & & +\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{4{f}_{1}\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}\end{array}\end{eqnarray*}$ $\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{rcl} & & \times \ {\left.\cot \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right]}^{2}.\\ {E}_{44}(x,t) & = & {{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \cot \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\\ & & +\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{4{f}_{1}\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}\\ & & \times \ \left.\tan \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right],\end{array}\end{eqnarray*}$ $\begin{eqnarray*}\begin{array}{rcl}{n}_{44}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}\right.\\ & & \times \ \cot \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\\ & & +\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{4{f}_{1}\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}\\ & & \times \ {\left.\tan \left\{\displaystyle \frac{\sqrt{4\mu -{\lambda }^{2}}}{2}({rx}+{st})\right\}\right]}^{2}.\\ {E}_{45}(x,t) & = & {{\rm{e}}}^{{\rm{i}}({px}+{qt})}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r({\lambda }^{2}-4\mu )}{4}\right.\\ & & \times \ \displaystyle \frac{1}{({rx}+{st})}\\ & & +\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{8{f}_{1}}\\ & & \times \ \left.\displaystyle \frac{1}{({rx}+{st})}\right],\\ {n}_{45}(x,t) & = & \displaystyle \frac{2}{{p}^{2}-1}\left[\displaystyle \frac{{f}_{1}r({\lambda }^{2}-4\mu )}{4}\right.\\ & & \times \ \displaystyle \frac{1}{({rx}+{st})}\\ & & +\ \displaystyle \frac{r({p}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}-4{p}^{2}\mu -{\lambda }^{2}+4\mu )}{8{f}_{1}}\\ & & \times \ {\left.\displaystyle \frac{1}{({rx}+{st})}\right]}^{2}.\end{array}\end{eqnarray*}$ |
3.1. Physical and graphical explanation of constructed solutions
In this section, we have explained the results of the coupled nonlinear system of the model for ISWs and LWs by drawing some 3D, 2D and the contour figures of the succeeded solutions with the support of the symbolic calculation software Maple. The graphical illustrations of 3D, 2D and contour plots for some of the obtained solutions are given in figures 1–12. Figure 1 depicts the 3D plot, 2D plot and the corresponding contour plot of solution E11(x, t) that behaves like the spike shape solution. Figures 2, 11 and 12 depict the 3D plot, 2D plot and the corresponding contour plot of solutions n11(x, t), E45(x, t) and n45(x, t), respectively, that represent the singular soliton solutions. Singular solitons are other varieties of solitary waves that give up under a singularity, typically countless discontinuity. Moreover, they can be connected under solitary waves when the midpoint location of the extraordinary wave is missing. Simultaneously, with these lines it is not necessary to address the problem of singular solitons. This answer has spiked and, in this manner, can likely clarify the improvement of rogue waves. Figures 3–6, 8 and 10 depict the 3D plot, 2D plot and the corresponding contour plots of solutions E13(x, t), n13(x, t) E14(x, t), n14(x, t), n23(x, t) and n24(x, t), respectively, that represent the periodic wave solution. Herein, the special kind of periodic wave solutions of the solutions E23(x, t) and E24(x, t) are shown in figures 7 and 9.
Figure 1. Graphical descriptions of the solution E11(x, t) under the values p = 2, q = 0.5, r = 2, $\mu$ = 1, $\delta$ = 3 and t = 0.01 for 2D graphics. |
Figure 2. Graphical descriptions of the solution n11(x, t) under the values p = 2, q = 0.5, r = 2, $\mu$ = 1, $\delta$ = 3 and t = 0.01 for 2D graphics. |
Figure 3. Graphical descriptions of the solution E13(x, t) when p = 2, q = 0.5, r = 2, $\mu$ = 2, $\delta$ = 2 and for 2D graphics t = 0.01. |
Figure 4. Graphical descriptions of the solution n13(x, t) when p = 2, q = 0.5, r = 2, $\mu$ = 2, $\delta$ = 2 and for 2D graphics t = 0.01. |
Figure 5. Graphical descriptions of the solution E14(x, t) when p = 2, q = 0.5, r = 2, $\mu$ = 2, $\delta$ = 2 and for 2D graphics t = 0.01. |
Figure 6. Graphical descriptions of the solution n14(x, t) when p = 2, q = 0.5, r = 2, $\mu$ = 2, $\delta$ = 2 and for 2D graphics t = 0.01. |
Figure 7. Graphical descriptions of the solution E23(x, t) when p = 2, q = 0.5, r = 2, $\mu$ = 2, $\delta$ = 2 and for 2D graphics t = 0.01. |
Figure 8. Graphical descriptions of the solution n23(x, t) when p = 2, q = 0.5, r = 2, $\mu$ = 2, $\delta$ = 2 and for 2D graphics t = 0.01. |
Figure 9. Graphical descriptions of the solution E24(x, t) when p = 2, q = 0.5, r = 2, $\mu$ = 2, $\delta$ = 2 and for 2D graphics t = 0.01. |
Figure 10. Graphical descriptions of the solution n24(x, t) when p = 2, q = 0.5, r = 2, $\mu$ = 2, $\delta$ = 2 and for 2D graphics t = 0.01. |
Figure 11. Graphical descriptions of the solution E45(x, t) when p = 2, q = 0.5, r = 2, $\mu$ = 2, $\delta$ = 2 and for 2D graphics t = 0.01. |
Figure 12. Graphical descriptions of the solution n45(x, t) when p = 2, q = 0.5, r = 2, $\mu$ = 2, $\delta$ = 2 and for 2D graphics t = 0.01. |
4. Conclusion
In this work, we successfully executed the modified $(G^{\prime} /G)$ 
-expansion approach to obtain the closed-form wave structures of the studied equation. Furthermore, this approach concerned new closed-form wave structures like rational, trigonometrical and hyperbolic function solutions. The techniques prescribed the well-designed systems for supervising various nonlinear wave equations with integer-order and also with fraction order arising in several applications of applied sciences. As can be seen from the above solution process, the modified $(G^{\prime} /G)$ 
-expansion method is very effective for solving different types of NPDEs. Our results show that the structures of the obtained wave solutions are multifarious in nonlinear dynamic systems. In the near future, we will modify the algorithm presented here to deal with different NPDEs when their coefficients are variables, for exhaling nonautonomous wave solutions.
-expansion approach to obtain the closed-form wave structures of the studied equation. Furthermore, this approach concerned new closed-form wave structures like rational, trigonometrical and hyperbolic function solutions. The techniques prescribed the well-designed systems for supervising various nonlinear wave equations with integer-order and also with fraction order arising in several applications of applied sciences. As can be seen from the above solution process, the modified $(G^{\prime} /G)$ -expansion method is very effective for solving different types of NPDEs. Our results show that the structures of the obtained wave solutions are multifarious in nonlinear dynamic systems. In the near future, we will modify the algorithm presented here to deal with different NPDEs when their coefficients are variables, for exhaling nonautonomous wave solutions.