In this study, the (3+1)-dimensional fractional time–space Kadomtsev–Petviashivili (FTSKP) equation is considered and analyzed analytically, which propagates the acoustic waves in an unmagnetized dusty plasma. The fractional derivatives are studied in a confirmable sense. The new modified extended direct algebraic (MEDA) approach is adopted to investigate the diverse nonlinear wave structures. A variety of new families of hyperbolic and trigonometric solutions are obtained in single and different combinations. The obtained results are also constructed graphically with the different parametric choices.
Aly R Seadawy, Muhammad Younis, Muhammad Z Baber, Syed T R Rizvi, Muhammad S Iqbal. Diverse acoustic wave propagation to confirmable time–space fractional KP equation arising in dusty plasma[J]. Communications in Theoretical Physics, 2021, 73(11): 115004. DOI: 10.1088/1572-9494/ac18bb
1. Introduction
Fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs) describe the nonlinear behavior of many physical phenomena in different fields. Therefore, it is imperative to find exact solutions of such type of model. Kadomtsev and Petviashvili extracted solutions to a (2+1)-dimensional KP equation [1, 2].
FPDEs are commonly used to describe problems in fluid mechanics, geographies, plasma physics, and thermal and mechanical systems. Increasing attention has been given by different scientists to find the exact solution for the fractional order reasoning. Many methods are being developed and are gradually maturing [3–9].
In this paper, the (3+1)-dimensional FTSKP equation is under investigation. This equation is used to analyze the complex dust acoustic wave structures [10, 11]. Diverse families of hyperbolic, trigonometric and plane wave solutions are constructed with different arguments. The new MEDA method [12–15] is adopted to derive the exact solutions. The (3+1)-dimensional FTSKP equation is read as follow [16, 17];
In recent decades, exact solutions [18], analytical solutions [19] and numerical solutions [20] of many NPDEs have been successfully obtained. For example, the construction of bright-dark solitary waves and elliptic function solutions are observed in [21]. A fractional order model was used to find lump solutions in dusty plasma [22]. Dispersive shock wave solutions were also constructed in [23]. There are also many different methods for obtaining exact explicit solutions; the exp-function method [24, 25], the MEDA method [26], the extended auxiliary equation method [27] and modified method of simplest equation, the $(G^{\prime} /{G}^{2})$-expansion method [28], modified mapping method [29], extended homogeneous balance method [30] and extended Fan's sub-equation method [31], Lie algebraic discussion for affinity based information diffusion in social networks; analytical solution for an in-host viral infection model with time-inhomogeneous rates [32–34]; extended and modified direct algebraic method, extended mapping method, and Seadawy techniques [35–43].
2. Wave propagation
To find the exact solutions of equation (1) we convert it into an ordinary differential equation by using the following transformation
The value of N for equation (4) is taken by homogeneous balancing principle from equation (3) by putting equal to highest derivative term and highest nonlinear term. It gives N = 1 and takes expression from the solutions of equation (4) as
Substituting equation (6) and its derivatives in equation (3) and equating the co-efficients of the same power of Q(ξ) equal to zero, we get the system of equations easily. We further solve this system of equations by using the mathematica or maple, and get the solutions set as follows:
Case 1: where free parameters are r and μ while along with b0 = 0, ${b}_{1}=-\tfrac{6\sqrt{5}\sqrt{{\alpha }_{2}}{pr}\mathrm{ln}(B)\sqrt{{cp}+{\alpha }_{3}{q}^{2}+{\alpha }_{3}{s}^{2}}}{{\alpha }_{1}+{\alpha }_{1}p}$,$\lambda =\tfrac{\sqrt{{\alpha }_{3}{q}^{2}+{\alpha }_{3}{s}^{2}}}{\sqrt{5}\sqrt{{\alpha }_{2}}{p}^{2}\mathrm{ln}(B)}$
Type 1: For λ2 − μr < 0 and r ≠ 0, the mixed trigonometric solutions are found as
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solution u1(x, t) are depicted in figure 1, for the different choices of parameters c = 100, p = 100.101, μ = 0.1, s = 0.0005, α1 =20, α2 = 0.9, α3 = 1, r = 0.0002, q = 0.1, and B = 5.
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solution u1(x, t) are depicted in figure 2, for the values of parameters c = 120, p = 1, μ = 0.1, s = 0.0005, α1 = 20, α2 = 0.9, α3 = 1, q = 0.0002, q = 0.1, and B = 5.
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u3(x, t) are depicted in figure 3, for the values of parameters c = 20, p = 20, μ = 2.1, s = 10.5, α1 = 20, α2 = 0.9, α3 = 1, q = 2.2, q = 1.1, and B = 2.
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u4(x, t) are depicted in figure 4, for the values of parameters c = 10, p = 20, μ = 21, s = 15, α1 = 30, α2 = 1.9, α3 = 10, q = 22.2, q = 1.1, and B = 5.
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u5(x, t) are depicted in figure 5, for the values of parameters c = 10, p = 20, μ = 21, s = 15, α1 = 30, α2 = 1.9, α3 = 10, q = 22.2, q = 1.1, and B = 5.
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u6(x, t) are depicted in figure 6, for the values of parameters c = 10, p = 10.101, μ = 0.1, s = 11.5, α1 = 20, α2 = 0.9, α3 = 1, q = 0.0002, q = 0.1, and B = 5.
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u6(x, t) are depicted in figure 7, for the values of parameters c = 100, p = 100, μ = 21, s = 10.5, α1 = 200, α2 = 10.9, α3 = 1, q = 20.2, q = 11, and B = 20.
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u11(x, t) are depicted in figure 8, for the values of parameters c = 80, p = 1.01, μ = 0.1, s = 0.05, α1 = 10, α2 = 0.9, α3 = 1, q = 0.002, q = 0.1, and B = 3.
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u12(x, t) are depicted in figure 9, for the values of parameters c = 80, p = 0.01, μ = 0.1, s = 0.05, α1 = 10, α2 = 0.9, α3 = 1, q = 0.002, q = 0.1, and B = 3.
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u13(x, t) are depicted in figure 10, for the values of parameters c = 100, p = 100, μ = 1.1, s = 1.05, α1 = 10, α2 = 0.9, α3 = 1, q = 0.02, q = 0.1, and B = 3.
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u16(x, t) are depicted in figure 11, for the values of parameters c = 80, p = 1.01, μ = 0.1, s = 0.05, α1 = 10, α2 = 0.9, α3 = 1, q = 0.02, q = 0.1, and B = 3. We get the singular solution as
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u17(x, t) are depicted in figure 12, for the values of parameters c = 80, p = 0.01, μ = 0.1, s = 0.05, α1 = 10, α2 = 0.9, α3 = 1, q = 0.002, q = 0.1, and B = 3.
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u18(x, t) are depicted in figure 13, for the values of parameters c = 100, p = 100, μ = 1.1, s = 1.05, α1 = 10, α2 = 0.9, α3 = 1, q = 0.02, q = 0.1, and B = 3.
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u20(x, t) are depicted in figure 14, for the values of parameters c = 100, p = 100, μ = 1.1, s = 1.05, α1 = 10, α2 = 0.9, α3 = 1, q = 0.02, q = 0.1, and B = 3.
Case 2: where free parameters are μ, r and λ while along with ${b}_{0}=\tfrac{{\alpha }_{2}\left(-{\lambda }^{2}\right){p}^{4}{\mathrm{ln}}^{2}(B)-{cp}-{\alpha }_{3}{q}^{2}-{\alpha }_{3}{s}^{2}}{{\alpha }_{1}p}$, ${b}_{1}=-\tfrac{12{\alpha }_{2}\lambda {p}^{3}r{\mathrm{ln}}^{2}(B)}{{\alpha }_{1}(2p+1)},\mu =-\tfrac{{\lambda }^{2}}{2r}$.
Type 1: For λ2 − μr < 0 and r ≠ 0, the mixed trigonometric solutions are found as
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u43(x, t) are depicted in figure 15, for the values of parameters c = 2, p = 2, μ = 3.1, s = 10.05, α1 = 3, α2 = 1.9, α3 = 1, q = 0.2, q = 0.1, and B = 3.
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u44(x, t) are depicted in figure 16, for the values of parameters c = 2, p = 2, μ = 3.1, s = 10.05, α1 = 3, α2 = 1.9, α3 = 1, q = 0.2, q = 0.1, and B = 3.
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u45(x, t) are depicted in figure 17, for the values of parameters c = 20, p = 20, μ = 1.011, s = 1.05, α1 = 10, α2 = 10.9, α3 = 2, q = 10.2, q = 10.1, and B = 5.
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u46(x, t) are depicted in figure 18, for the values of parameters c = 20, p = 20, μ = 1.011, s = 1.05, α1 = 10, α2 = 10.9, α3 = 2, q = 10.2, q = 10.1, and B = 5.
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u47(x, t) are depicted in figure 19, for the values of parameters c = 20, p = 20, μ = 1.011, s = 1.05, α1 = 10, α2 = 10.9, α3 = 2, q = 10.2, q = 10.1, and B = 5.
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u51(x, t) are depicted in figure 20, for the values of parameters c = 200, p = 20, μ = 100, s = 1.05, α1 = 100, α2 = 10.9, α3 = 2, q = 10.2, q = 10.1, and B = 5.
Figure 20. Graphical representation and corresponding contour of u51(x, t) for different values of parameters.
Case 3: Where free parameters are μ, r and λ while along with b0 = b0, ${b}_{1}=-\tfrac{\lambda \left({\alpha }_{1}{b}_{0}p+{\alpha }_{2}{\lambda }^{2}{p}^{4}{\mathrm{ln}}^{2}(B)+8{\alpha }_{2}\mu {p}^{4}r{\mathrm{ln}}^{2}(B)+{cp}+{\alpha }_{3}{q}^{2}+{\alpha }_{3}{s}^{2}\right)}{{\alpha }_{1}\mu {p}^{2}}$
Type 1:For λ2 − μr < 0 and r ≠ 0, the mixed trigonometric solutions are found as
The plot and its corresponding contour plot of the solutions u55(x, t) are depicted in figure 21, for the values of parameters c = 2, p = 2, μ = 0.011, s = 1.05, α1 = 1, α2 = 0.9, α3 = 2, q = 10.2, q = 10.1, and B = 5.
In this work, the (3 + 1)-dimensional fractional time-space KP (FTSKP) equation is under investigation, which propagates the acoustic waves in an unmagnetized dusty plasma. This fractional model is defined using the confirmable fractional derivatives. The diverse new families of hyperbolic, trigonometric, rational, and plane wave solutions are obtained in single and different combinations using the new modified extended direct algebraic (MEDA) technique. Graphical representations of the obtained results are also depicted with different choices of parameters.
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