Shape-changed propagations and interactions for the (3+1)-dimensional generalized Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation in fluids

Dan-Dan Zhang,Lei Wang,Lei Liu,Tai-Xing Liu,Wen-Rong Sun

Figure 12. (a) The perfectly elastic collision between the two rational W-shaped waves with (α, β, γ, l1R, l1I, l2R, l2I, n1R, n1I, n2R, n2I, z, t) = (−3, −6, 3, 0.5, 0, −1, 0, 1, 1, 0.5, 1, 0, 0). (b) The sectional views of (a). ‘RW1’ and ‘RW2’ represent the two rational W-shaped waves, respectively. And ‘${\mathrm{RW}}_{1}^{\prime} $’ and ‘${\mathrm{RW}}_{2}^{{\prime} }$’ represent the waves after the collision. For the two rational W-shaped waves, they both have only one SWC and one characteristic line, so there is no deformation except for the phase shifts after the collision.