Shape-changed propagations and interactions for the (3+1)-dimensional generalized Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation in fluids

Dan-Dan Zhang,Lei Wang,Lei Liu,Tai-Xing Liu,Wen-Rong Sun

Figure 13. (a) The semi-elastic collision between the Bell-shaped wave and M-shaped wave with $(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,{a}_{1},{b}_{1},{c}_{1},{d}_{1},{g}_{1},{h}_{1}$, ${\lambda }_{1},{\beta }_{1},{\eta }_{1},{a}_{2},{b}_{2},{c}_{2},{d}_{2},{g}_{2},{h}_{2},{\lambda }_{3},{\beta }_{2},{\eta }_{2},z,t)$ = $\left(-1,-4,10,1,0,-1,0,4,1,2,0,0,1,2,1,2,4,1,2,0,0,0,0\right)$. (b) The sectional views of (a). ‘B’ and ‘M’ represent the Bell-shaped wave and M-shaped wave, respectively. ‘B’ and ‘M’ represent the two waves after the collision respectively. (c) The schematic diagram of analysis of wave components. The superposition region of these two wave components for the M-shaped wave changes after the collision, which leads to the change in shape.