Shape-changed propagations and interactions for the (3+1)-dimensional generalized Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation in fluids

Dan-Dan Zhang,Lei Wang,Lei Liu,Tai-Xing Liu,Wen-Rong Sun

Figure 3. Plots of the W-shaped and M-shaped waves with (α, β, γ, a1, b1, c1, d1, g1, h1, λ1, β1, η1, z ) = (−0.1, −4, 0.1, 0.5, 0.5, 0.75, 0.75, 4, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0). (a): t = −0.85. (b): t = 0.025. (c): t = 0.85. (d): Cut plots at different times. (e): The characteristic lines at different moments. (f): The schematic diagram of analysis of wave components.