Shape-changed propagations and interactions for the (3+1)-dimensional generalized Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation in fluids

Dan-Dan Zhang,Lei Wang,Lei Liu,Tai-Xing Liu,Wen-Rong Sun

Figure 7. Plots of the Bell-shaped and W-shaped waves with (α, β, γ, a1, b1, c1, d1, g1, h1, λ1, β1, η1, z ) = (−0.1, −4, 0.5, 1, 0, 1, 0, 4, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0). (a) t = 0. (b) t = 0.7. (c) t = 1.55. (d) Cut plots at different times. (e) The characteristic lines at different moments. (f) The schematic diagram of analysis of wave components.